The central character of Gilgamesh was initially reintroduced to the world as " Izdubar", before the cuneiform logographs in his name could be pronounced accurately. Late in the following decade, the British Museum hired George Smith to study these in 1872, Smith read translated fragments before the Society of Biblical Archaeology, and in 18 he published fuller translations, the latter of which was published as The Chaldaean Account of Genesis. Some 15,000 fragments of Assyrian cuneiform tablets were discovered in the Library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh by Austen Henry Layard, his assistant Hormuzd Rassam, and W. K. The most recent Akkadian version, also referred to as the Standard Babylonian version, consists of twelve tablets and was edited by Sîn-lēqi-unninni, who is thought to have lived sometime between 1300 BC and 1000 BC. Analysis of the Old Babylonian text has been used to reconstruct possible earlier forms of the epic. Although several revised versions based on new discoveries have been published, the epic remains incomplete.
The older Old Babylonian tablets and later Akkadian version are important sources for modern translations, with the earlier texts mainly used to fill in gaps ( lacunae) in the later texts. 1800 BC), are the earliest surviving tablets for a single Epic of Gilgamesh narrative. They date from as early as the Third Dynasty of Ur ( c. The earliest Sumerian poems are now generally considered to be distinct stories, rather than parts of a single epic.
Some of the best copies were discovered in the library ruins of the 7th-century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. Approximately two-thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered.
The later Standard Babylonian version compiled by Sîn-lēqi-unninni dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit Sha naqba īmuru ("He who Saw the Abyss", in unmetaphoric terms: "He who Sees the Unknown"). The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version, dates back to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit, Shūtur eli sharrī ("Surpassing All Other Kings"). These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic in Akkadian. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about Bilgamesh (Sumerian for "Gilgamesh"), king of Uruk, dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur ( c. The Epic of Gilgamesh ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ l ɡ ə m ɛ ʃ/) is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts.
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